Comments from Around the World

Explore these statements, comments and quotes from leaders around the world.

 


FROM GERMANY

"The second trial against Khodorkovsky and Lebedev must repulse neutral observers, with a potential custodial sentence of up to 20 years for the same case and facts that were the basis for the first trial, except that they are being evaluated completely differently than they were the first time. (…) Any lawyer must notice that this is not sustainable, it is in fact contradictory and thus arbitrary."

MP Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (Liberal Party) Rapporteur for Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe Bundestag Debate, July 2, 2009

"The second trial currently underway is all the more a test case to see whether the Russian justice system will make the grade. There are many signs to indicate that the new trial is also politically motivated. The charges seem absurd alone from the supposed amount of embezzled crude oil, which was enough that if it were filled into train cars and lined up, the line would circle the earth three times. The trial is a test case for the seriousness with which the reforms are being undertaken and for Medvedev’s general credibility. Medvedev’s credibility and his agenda for reform will largely be determined by the outcome of the test case Khodorkovsky/Lebedev in court."

MP Markus Meckel (Social Democrats) Deputy Spokesman on Foreign Affairs Bundestag Debate, July 2, 2009

"Mikhail Khodorkovsky has long since become a symbol for how the Russian state treats its independent critics. Hardly anyone, even in Russia, doubts the political motivation behind the trial, this second one even clearer than the first in 2005. Now we are looking at a show of power. Khodorkovsky personifies the type of enlightened, emancipated and independent citizen that authoritarian states fear more than armies."

MP Marieluise Beck (Green Party) Member of Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Bundestag Bundestag Debate, July 2, 2009

"I feel justified in my concern that this trial begs significant question marks regarding rule of law and that it does not conform to the conditions of rule of law that Russia has obliged itself to uphold, as well as the concern that it could be used for political ends...The Khodorkovsky trial is an important test case for the credibility of the Russian justice system Medvedev holds dear, due to its signal effect for the economic and legal culture within Russia...Thus the second trial against Khodorkovsky is also a test case for the capability of Russia to modernize."

MP Dr. Andreas Schockenhoff (Conservative Party) Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Faction & Coordinator of German-Russian Intersocietal Cooperation Bundestag Debate, July 2, 2009

"I really doubt it is a fair trial with truly independent judges and prosecution that will take everything into consideration that may exonerate a defendant...I would dispute any sweeping statement that everything Mr. Khodorkovsky is accused of can be generally judged criminal. Some of the acts were performed by everyone, and legal at the time."

Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Former Minister of Justice & PACE Deutsche Welle, March 5, 2009

"We do not like talking about Russia not being a rule of law state", says Günter Nooke, the Human Rights Commissioner of the Federal Government. The cases of the imprisoned entrepreneur Mikhail Khodorkovsky and of the killed journalist Anna Politkovskaya are used as proofs by him. One could not assume that in Russia fair trials take place."

Günter Nooke The Federal Government Commissioner for Human Rights Policy and Humanitarian Aid Frankfurter Allegmeine Sonntagszeitung, March 15, 2009

"The new charges against Khodorkovsky belong to the most bizarre excrescences of the Russian justice system, that already produces lots of bizarre stuff. This starts with the sheer extent of the accusations: Accordingly, Khodorkovsky deserves an entry in the Guinness Book of Records as the greatest oil theft of all times. Allegedly he stole 350 tons of oil – this amount is used in complete Germany in three years. The first indictment was already questionable, since it lacked a legal basis. (…) The second indictment is even worse, since it lacks an economic logic. Instead it has a political logic: MBK shall be kept in prison and his financial means shall be taken."

Christian Esch Journalist Berliner Zeitung, March 3, 2009

"Already the first trial against Russia’s formerly richest man became the symbol of the questionable and arbitrary justice system. Many of the privatization profiteers could have been accuses of fraud and tax evasion but Khodorkovsky pushed for a liberalization of the energy market, for private pipeline routes to China while President Vladimir Putin wanted to put the best pieces of the national industry under state control. And Khodorkovsky used his wealth politically, supported oppositional parties and groups. The authorities started its investigations regarding the new accusations already shortly after the ruling against Khodorkovsky in the first trial, therefore, for many the new trial looks like a long-term strategy to keep the former concern head in prison for a long time."

Frank Nienhuysen Journalist Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 3, 2009

"The trial is seen as a test for the Russian justice system by many observers – and as a practical test for President Dmitri Medvedev. Medvedev, who is a lawyer himself, has repeatedly spoken against legal nihilism in Russia and demanded an independent justice system."

Verena Diethelm Journalist Financial Times Deutschland, March 4, 2009

"Critics (...) see the new trial as a kind of test for the Russian justice system as well as for the credibility for Russia’s President Dmitri Medvedev. He had put himself forward as a advocate for rule of law prior to his election in March 2008 and announced full-bodied to override legal nihilism and the rampant corruption and to promote the development of a court system which is not sub-ducted by political pressure and political influence. This procedure is typical for the Khodorkovsky case. Also in the first trial relevant files were held back from the lawyers until shortly before the trial day."

Barbara Oertel Journalist die Tageszeitung, March 3, 2009 return to top

FROM ITALY

"...The personal friendship that unites you, Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Berlusconi, with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin is well known. A relation that you, Mr. President, are rightly proud about and that I believe puts you into the position to ask the Prime Minister and President Medvedev a tangible and concrete act which can be rapidly verified in its effects to establish the respect of human rights and the right to defense of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Platon Lebedev and all Russian citizens."

Pier Ferdinando Casini UDC President Corriere della Sera, May 23, 2009 (Open Letter to the Prime Minister)

"Khodorkovsky’s problems start when he decides to oppose Putin’s rule of power."

Daniele Capezzone Spokesman of Forza Italia – Berlusconi’s Party Notizie Radicali, May 18, 2005

"Berlusconi should ask Moscow to free Khodorkovsky."

Franco Venturini Editorialist Corriere della Sera

"If Russia’s new president Dimitri Medvedev wants to show that he deserves his post and he is not just the humble executor of the powerful Prime Minister Putin, he should give some sign of change. The two most important ones the Western world is looking at are the release of the former oil man Mikhail Khodorkovsky and a proper justice for Anna Politkovskaya."

Franco Venturini Editorialist Il Donna, May 31, 2008

"A new trial for Khodorkovsky represents a serious problem concerning the violation of human rights in Russia."

Franco Venturini Editorialist Corriere della Sera, February 20, 2009

"There was a realistic possibility that Khodorkovsky could have gained freedom in two years time. The new trial changes that perspective."

Fabrizio Dragosei Foreign Correspondent Corriere della Sera, February 20, 2009

"Khodorkovsky is back in Moscow to fight the second round of his desperate fight with Putin."

Robert Door Journalist II Sole 24 Ore, February 20, 2009

"Khodorkovsky’s trial is an example of what is happening in Russia."

Viktor Erofeev Writer La Stampa, February 20, 2009

"Medvedev is about to celebrate a year in power whilst Putin’s number one enemy is about to face a second trial."

Luigi Spinola Journalist Il Riformista, March 3, 2009

"The former oligarch has been the first victim of Putin’s power."

Etienne Pramotton Opinionist Liberal, March 4, 2009 return to top

FROM POLAND

"New trial marks the end of liberals' hopes for political thaw under Dmitri Medvedev's rule. Freeing Russia's most famous political prisoner would have been the first symbol of change."

Wacław Radziwinowicz Moscow correspondent and commentator Gazeta Wyborcza, February 25, 2009, p. 1

"Khodorkovsky was exceptional, because he was stubborn in his support of democracy and America. And in Russia, that is still a deadly sin. He did not want to ally with the authorities and hoped the world would defend him. He called his charity Open Russia. He hoped to build a civil society."

Marcin Wojciechowski Notable commentator Gazeta Wyborcza, February 25, 2009, p. 2

"The new trial against Russian oligarch seems like finishing off a defeated enemy. (...) Liberals consider Khodorkovsky's fate as a test for change (or to be more precise, the lack of thereof) within Kremlin."

Tomasz Bielecki Notable commentator Gazeta Wyborcza, February 25, 2009, p. 10

"Both the first and second trials are Prime Minister Putin's revenge on a former oligarch and Russia's richest man for criticizing the authorities."

Justyna Prus Notable commentator Rzeczpospolita, March 4, 2009, p. A11

"YUKOS was ‘dekulakizationalised’."

Wacław Radziwinowicz Moscow correspondent and commentator Gazeta Wyborcza, March 4, 2009, p. 13 return to top

FROM FRANCE

"This trial will be a test for the new Russian President Dimitri Medvedev, who has promised to put an end to legal nihilism...In 2004, the first trial was a total fabrication to silence a business magnate who was a rival to Vladimir Putin and to take the control of his oil group, YUKOS. Four years later, the Khodorkovsky family, which remained very unified around its prisoner, hopes that 'attorney' Dimitri Medvedev will watch over a fair trial."

Lorraine Millot Journalist, Liberation correspondent in Moscow March 4, 2009

"I can only congratulate Councilor Amsterdam and the Russian attorneys of Mikhail Khodorkovsky for the courageous and endless work they are doing...I want to assure you of my enduring support and reiterate my admiration for the dignity of the accused."

Andre Glucksmann Philosopher, commentator, and specialist on international affairs March 3, 2009

"This trial seems Kafka-ian, Khodorkovsky never had a chance to defend himself in a fair trial, his rights as a human are not respected."

Herve Mariton French MP, Foreign Minister, Head of the French-Russia Parliament Group, during his visit to the second trial return to top

FROM the UNITED STATES

"Symbolizing all that is wrong with the Russian system is the current trial of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and his former partner, Platon Lebedev, who ran the YUKOS Oil Company. The absurd charges against them—for example, embezzling 350 million tons of oil--are an attack on the fundamental right of individuals to own property under law. As this is the second trial for both men, it is a palpable judicial farce."

Stephen Blank Professor, Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College Forbes (online), July 2, 2009

"Mr. Obama also should ask that Mr. Medvedev order renewed investigations of the Politkovskaya and Markelov cases and ask for the release of Mr. Khodorkovsky. These measures would be a strong signal to the United States, to the Western business community and to the Russian people that a clean break with the lawless past is under way and that Russia may be joining the community of civilized nations."

Ariel Cohen Heritage Foundation The Washington Times, April 1, 2009

"Leading Russian officials speak openly about what they expect the Americans to offer in order to set things right. Rarely, however, do they ever say what Russia should be willing to offer, what concessions the Kremlin could make to show the world that the hope of warmer relations and democratization is not just another illusion. Here's one suggestion. Free Khodorkovsky now."

Natan Sharansky Author and democracy advocate, Chairman, Jewish Agency for Israel Blog entry, http://natansharansky.org/, April 6, 2009

"In advance of 2008, if Mr. Putin was looking to improve his legacy - and I am under no illusion that he is - he might consider three moves. He should release Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the jailed oligarch, bury Lenin and invite the Pope. Each move would erase a dark shadow of Russia's history. The first would close the book on the vicious power struggles of the past decade. Mr. Khodorkovsky is accused of evading taxes but his exile in Siberia has made him a prisoner of conscience."

Mark Medish Vice President, the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace The Financial Times, December 7, 2006

"If Khodorkovsky is proven to be innocent, then I think the market would welcome that. But, again, Russia is driven by so much more important things right now than politics."

Tom Mundy Strategist, Renaissance Capital

"The Kremlin has sent two messages with the Khodorkovsky prosecution and the first is that the Kremlin is going to play a role in determining the fate of the country’s natural resources like oil and the second is a warning to businessmen to curb their political ambitions."

Allison Gill Director of the Russia office of Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch, March 3, 2009

"The charges are 100% completely ridiculous. It's a combination of accounting naivety and the fact that it's a political trial."

Bruce Misamore Former CFO of YUKOS March 3, 2009

"Impressions amount that doing business in Russia is insecure. There is no independent judiciary, no rule of law, no respect of the fundamental rights and freedoms. All see the examples like the Khodorkovsky case and think: how can I do business in Russia, when authorities can seize my assets, put me in prison or apply force, if I get in their way."

Kenneth Roth Head of Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch, February 3, 2009

"...The punishments and the abuses of justice of which the former owner of YUKOS has been victim to have nothing to do with the economic offenses that he could have committed in his business activities, which for a time made him Russia's most wealthy man, but rather have to do with the support he gave to democratic institutions and parties, to human rights organizations, and his attempts to introduce in his businesses Western-style methods of openness and transparency, and, above all, his aspiration - chimerical given the situation of the country – to participate in Russian politics as a critic and opponent of the new czar, Vladimir Putin."

Mario Vargas Llosa Author Blog entry, www.robertamsterdam.com, February 2008

"[Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s] case continues to raise serious questions about the application of the rule of law and the legal system in Russia."

U.S. State Department October 2008 return to top

FROM EUROPEAN LEADERS

"The handling of these and several other cases exposes deep weaknesses in Russia’s justice system. The release of these people will be a benchmark of Russia’s success combating ‘legal nihilism’. The EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement should be contingent upon resolution of rule-of-law issues including the issue of political prisoners."

MEP Urszula Gacek (PPE-DE) December 18, 2008

"I would also like to take this opportunity to strongly appeal to the authorities of the Russian Federation, particularly in this time when the negotiations on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement have been resumed with the European Union, to take seriously their commitment to respect the law in their country. The fate of political prisoners is indeed of highest importance for the European Union."

Hans-Gert Pöttering President of the European Parliament December 10, 2008 return to top

FROM RUSSIA

"I have often acted as a guarantor, not in financial cases, it is true, but when someone has been arrested. For example, I was guarantor for Vladimir Gusinsky and later for another businessman. Today I would offer guarantees for Aleksanyan and Svetlana Bakhmina. It would be no good with Khodorkovsky, however much you offered."

Irina Khakamada Politician Sobesednik, March 18, 2009

"They intend to give Khodorkovsky another 20 years inside. It’s lunacy, pure lunacy."

Valeria Novodvorskaya Leader of the Democratic Union Echo Moskvy, March 17, 2009

"To create a normal state in Russia we must: abolish censorship; restore elections; stop crushing the opposition and restore political competition within the country; cease supporting Basmanny-style justice, in particular as regards Khodorkovsky’s second trial."

Boris Nemtsov A leader of Solidarity; mayoral candidate for Sochi Echo Moskvy, March 16, 2009

"Judge Danilkin now has a unique opportunity. He can show by his own professional behavior that a Russian citizen can count on a fair trial not just in Strasbourg but also in his own country, even when the criminal case against him is politically motivated. It’s rare that someone is given such a historical chance. Let us hope he proves worthy of the opportunity and does not let it pass him by."

Alexei Kandaurov Communist Party member, former MP Yezhednevny zhurnal, March 12, 2009

"One of the best known political prisoners is Mikhail Khodorkovsky who has been sentenced to 9 years in the Siberian camp Krasnokamensk on the basis of purely fabricated case against him and his oil company YUKOS. The company has been confiscated and taken by one of the leading figures of the current Chekist regime who is occupying now the position of the deputy prime minister of the Russian government. Mr. Khodorkovsky has recently been transported to Moscow to be put on another fabricated trial with a clear purpose to keep him behind the bars forever."

Andrei Illarianov Former chief economic advisor to President Putin February 2009

"The degree of cruelty and legal absurdity" [of a new trial of MBK] would "no doubt exceed the first show trial" of 2004-2005. "The beginning of the second trial in the YUKOS affair is an answer to all those who had predicted an imminent thaw and called to support the new "liberal" president."

Mikhail Kasyanov Former Prime Minister of Russia, opposition leader February 25, 2009

"In addition to being a symbol of repression, illegality and oppression of civil society, he is simply a living human being, who is behaving very bravely."

Sergei Davidis Member of the opposition movement - Solidarity March 3, 2009

"In my view Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are being transformed in the courtroom from 'criminals', as the investigation and prosecution would like to see them, into political figures who are drawing public attention to the absurdity of the proceedings. The result of this trial, with all its publicly reported details and the absurdity of the charges, will be to condemn the Russian judicial system as a whole. If Khodorkovsky and Lebedev can maintain their intellectual advantage to the end the verdict passed on them will be transferred to our country's judicial system: an acquittal or a conviction."

Natalya Gevorkyan Gazeta.ru columnist April 8, 2009

"I think there is only one goal the prosecution is after – making the trial exhaustingly boring and burying it in paperwork. Their endless reading of the multiple acts and charters is not meant to clarify things. On the contrary, the purpose of this reading is to render the trial meaningless, to bore the audience, to discourage the public interest in the case. This was my first and main impression of the trial, as this is what was happening most of the time. On the other side, there were clear statements from the defendants, which placed the right accents and added common sense to everything that was being said. In the first half of the day, the statements from Khodorkovsky and Lebedev took only 5-7 minutes in total, but it was only those comments that provided at least some understanding of what was going on. In comparison to the first trial, Khodorkovsky and Lebedev make a more transparent and strong impression. They are very strong personalities, and this could be seen immediately when they took the floor. It is clear that they are not going to give up and start neglecting themselves. Both defendants made me very happy and caused a great deal of respect on my side."

Arseniy Roginsky Chair of International Society Memorial, April 28, 2009

"This is a deliberately political trial. Even with all their strange precautions, even Amnesty International would have to recognize it as such, I suppose. Sitting here today, I have been making comparisons of what was happening in our days to what is taking place now. There have been substantial changes to some minor aspects, but the essence stayed the same. There is an imposed mission – to put behind bars, to convict. Maybe the mission will change later, anything could happen. In our times it was all much simpler and more demonstrative. The prosecutors did not bother to conduct long readings of something not really related to the case. In my time, some very basic logic could be traced in prosecution’s speeches - very crude, poor logic, I would say- but at least one could hear what he was accused of and why. What I have heard here were anti-statements. There were no arguments which could be supported by the documents being read. So, if the argument is not there, why read anything at all? There is no judiciary and no justice. This is a vassal law. Now, what the outcome is going to be like is a separate issue. On the one hand, there could be some political motivations for Medvedev to prove that he is not Putin. Then we shall have one sort of a verdict. On the other hand, there may be a decision to demonstratively punish and teach a lesson. But the court has nothing to do with it."

Sergue Kovalev Soviet dissident, rights campaigner and politician April 28, 2009

"We indeed can see a difference in the way the courts respond to Khodorkovsky’s complaints. That was also true of Chita. Some are rejected out of hand, there is a toying with others; some are accepted and some not. For example, the court in Moscow began in quite a tolerant fashion: TV reporters could attend and film proceedings, almost take interviews. Now they have forbidden all that. If we start worrying every time who is going to win, the liberal president or the illiberal prime minister, we shall waste time and neglect our own business. We must move on, we must fight."

Lev Ponomaryov Leader of the For Human Rights movement Radio Liberty, June 3, 2009

"I had a talk with Khodorkovsky before he was imprisoned. He told me that the State was a thing of the past, so were national structures. In his words, a nation-state today is an infinitesimal part of the economy, merely a foolish obstacle to global, transnational networks. Russians want nothing from Putin so far. They just want to be left in peace for a while."

Alexander Dugin Philosopher and leader of the International Eurasian Movement Nezavisimoe analiticheskoe obozrenie, June 5, 2009

"I do not believe that Putin was afraid of Khodorkovsky. And Khodorkovsky fears no one, even though he is in prison."

Konstantin Remchukov Chief Editor of Nezavisimaya Gazeta Echo Moskvy Radio, July 22, 2009

"The farce which goes by the name of the second ‘Khodorkovsky-Lebedev trial’ has tested the patience of Europeans to the limit."

Jens Ziegert Head of the Heinrich Boll foundation in Russia The New Times, July 14, 2009

"The roses are very beautiful. The defense team wears fresh flowers every day. They are sharply dressed, polite and relentless."

Boris Zhutovsky Artist Novaya Gazeta, August 3, 2009

"No legal terminology or words as they are ordinarily used or, indeed, common sense can describe what is happening in the Khamovnichesky district courtroom. It is, quite simply, crazy..."

Alexander Osovtsov Former program director, Open Russia foundation Radio Liberty, August 19, 2009

"There is no difference of opinion between the Russian president and prime minister. Medvedev has now been in charge of the country for 18 months and we have seen no attempts on his part to remove his predecessor from power. It’s understandable that Premier Putin bears a heavy responsibility for the past – the persecution of Khodorkovsky, the clampdown on the press, the destruction of civil society and an inadequate foreign policy. However, we lack anyone else who is capable in some way of influencing the situation."

Yevgeny Gontmakher Board member, Institute for Contemporary Development Osobaya bukva, August 26, 2009

"Thanks to the efforts of the State and the mistrust of society (themselves in part one of the problems for human rights in Russia), there is no other way to defend human rights here but to rely on grants. Mikhail Khodorkovsky was the only oligarch to finance human rights and social welfare projects."

Dmitry Dubrovsky Human Rights activist Lenizdat.ru, August 27, 2009

"The person who denies there is a political element in the YUKOS case is a fool. There is a political element but there are also real sins. In such situations as Aleksanyan and Bakhmina, however, it seems to me, there should be a little humanism."

Vladimir Mamontov Chief editor of Izvestia newspaper Echo Moskvy, August 28, 2009

"The litmus test whether Medvedev or Putin hold real power is the Khodorkovsky case. When the first trial of the oligarch began, let me remind you, the then head of the presidential administration Dmitry Medvedev, expressed his dissatisfaction. Today Medvedev is president of Russia but once again Khodorkovsky is in the dock. The only difference being that now Dmitry Medvedev does not make any public statement of dissatisfaction. It is unnecessary, I think, to provide any other arguments."

Sergei Reshulsky Communist Party secretary and deputy chair of its Duma fraction Pravda KPRF, August 28, 2009

"The regime was equal to its task and comparatively successful during the first years of Putin’s presidency as long as it lived in conditions of political competition and did not become bloated and fat. Putin’s first term in office, which culminated in the YUKOS affair, was far more successful for Russia than his second."

Nikolai Petrov Research Associate, Moscow Carnegie Centre Radio Liberty, September 1, 2009 return to top

FROM the UNITED KINGDOM

"The overtly political nature of the prosecutions of Khodorkovsky and Lebedev (now serving 8 years imprisonment), confirmed by the Council of Europe and by British courts in a series of extradition cases, has destroyed any hope for independence of the judiciary or a fair trial."

Bill Bowring Professor, School of Law, Birkbeck College, House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee , May 8, 2007

"...I [also] suggest that the UK Government is right to query whether people such as Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev have really had a fair trial."

MP Chris Bryant Member of Parliament, Lab House of Commons Hansard Debates, October 11, 2007

"I do not wish to be too partisan. However, supporters of Mr. Khodorkovsky and of other political prisoners in Russia, and human rights organizations, are disappointed in the extreme that the United Kingdom Government have not taken a public stand to criticize such behavior, and have not called on the Russian authorities to observe their own rules and those of the European convention on human rights."

Malcolm Bruce Member of Parliament, Lib Dem Westminster Hall Debates, March 10, 2004

"Mikhail Khodorkovsky, one of several oligarchs selectively prosecuted by the Kremlin, was sentenced to eight years in a Siberian labor camp... In the legal world, at least, it is understood that rule of law no longer applies in Russia and that the judicial system has become an arm of the Kremlin."

David Clark Political writer and analyst The Guardian, December 29, 2005

"We regularly raise our concerns regarding the case of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, bilaterally and through the EU... Our concerns include the arbitrary application of the rule of law, due process and fair treatment of Khodorkovsky and others who have been arrested or prosecuted in the YUKOS Affair, access to lawyers and medical care, conditions of detention and the alleged harassment of defense teams and witnesses."

David Miliband Foreign Secretary, UK Government Answer in response to PQ from Edward Davey MP, Liberal Democrat Shadow Foreign Secretary, May 22, 2009

"...We have made clear our concerns about the treatment of Mr. Khodorkovsky, and others who have been arrested or prosecuted in the YUKOS affair, both bilaterally and through the EU... Our embassy in Moscow is watching current developments in Mr. Khodorkovsky's case closely, and is participating in trial monitoring with EU partners and the US. We will continue to follow the progress of Mr. Khodorkovsky's case." Caroline Flint MP Former Minister of State Answer in response to PQ from Greg Hands MP, May 22, 2009

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